西....的教學區
Rhythm Map for Djembe
I n  d r u m s  w e  s h a r e  a n d   b e c o m e  o n e  |  [節奏討論板]

Mamady Keita 2006金貝鼓高級班紀錄現在上線!

  

金貝(Djembe)是什麼?
金貝節奏精選 
漫畫版
怎麼加入一群正在打鼓的人?
教會你的電腦打金貝節奏
修理與保養 (Remo的對策)
Mamady Keita以色列課程紀實

 

 

 

 

Mamady Keita以色列課程紀實 (2006五月)

 

2006五月,Monbaza(張耘之)飛到以色列去參加Mamady Keita的高級班課程,不但紮實的被電了三天,還移師到北方的一處森林去進行深夜的火鼓慶典,Mamady說,只要是在樹下生火並打著曼丁的音樂和舞蹈,則曼丁的祖先們就一定會出現在現場與大家同在,而以色列當地的西非樂團Tam Tama也為了歡迎恩師,在一處國際交流表演廳進行演出,可說是強手薈萃。

三天的課程其實很簡單, 馬麻敵喜歡先把橋段, 也就是Solo的部份, 打一遍, 然後開始這個節奏的Sangbang, Kenkeni, Dundunba的各自擊法, 然後是伴奏(Accompany)的打法, 最後就是, 一段一段的, 教大家把solo打起來,

第一天的Zaouli, 實在很難跟上, 這個solo簡直是火星的文化, 而第二天的Soliwoulen, 他特別強調, solo是他自創的技法, 並不是傳統Soliwoulensolo, 大家在學習時, 應該可以感受到這個solo Zaouli solo的差異.

以下的錄音, 每段只有一分半鐘, 為了保護Mamady Keita的個人權利, 我很抱歉不能多放.

如果您喜歡這兩個節奏, 歡迎與我們討論!

Zaouli:  dunduns | accompany | solo

起源:葛洛(Gouro)
區域:象牙海岸
Zaouli
這種節奏和舞蹈在傳統的意涵當中是[向女人表示敬意],如今在葛洛族的慶典當中,也廣泛使用Zaouli,這種傳統式來自於玻瓦佛(Bouafle)、達洛阿(Daloa)、以及祖埃諾拉(Zuenoula)等區域。

Zaouli
的面具是美麗女性的象徵,只有男性才可以戴上這個面具跳舞,女人不可以戴,如今這個舞蹈已經在各種節慶出現.....

[文字取樣 譯自A Life for the Djembe一書 p.77 我們推薦Uschi Billmeier小姐著作的此書作為你學習西非文化的入門 ]

 

Soliwoulen: dunduns | accompany | solo

起源:曼丁族
區域:幾內亞東北方


Soliwoulen
是紅豹的意思,只有一位最崇高的神媒師(fetish maker)可以成為Soliwoulen,在Soliwoulen的慶典中,每個人都可以參予,身為Soliwoulen的神媒師將穿著紅色服裝......

[
文字取樣 譯自A Life for the Djembe一書 p.72 我們推薦Uschi Billmeier小姐著作的此書作為你學習西非文化的入門]

 

誰是 Mamady Keita 呢?


他出生於1950年的幾內亞國巴蘭杜古(Balandugu),這個村子靠近菲河(Fe River)是瓦索隆(Wassolon)地區的村落,父親是獵人老師,並且是一位Fida Tigi(草藥師,精於治療),母親在懷胎時,請教一位預言者,預言者說道,這孩子將是母親最後一位兒子,這孩子在自己玩的時候,必將看到能讓他揚名立萬的項目。

Mamady Keita
從會爬開始,就把父親的鍋子和瓶子倒蓋過來打著玩,母親自問,莫非這孩子將來是個金貝鼓手(Djembefola), 因此還訂製了一個適合這孩子的樂器給他,很快的,每個人都被這孩子的天份給嚇到了,這麼小的孩子竟可以打出這樣的鼓聲,這個時期,他有兩個綽號 Mamady Nankama (Mamady-天生就是要這樣的)以及 “Balandugudjina (巴蘭杜古的惡魔)

曼丁族的歷史啟蒙了他,Mamady受教於村子裡的一位老金貝鼓手卡林卡降 (Karinkadjan Konde),曼丁俗諺說,"老嘴說給新耳聽"(Words come forth from an old mouth to enter a new ear),他對什麼都好奇,問不到結果絕不停止,先是對瓦索隆地區的節奏,再來是對曼丁族,然後是鄰近的民族的節奏。

1963
年,他被帶到離家150公里的地方舞團,次年,幾內亞總統希扣多力(Sekou Toure)發願以音樂和舞蹈來宏揚幾內亞文化,於是任命Harry Belafonte 承辦此事,舉辦各級比賽來篩選出最好的人加入新成立的幾內亞國家舞團(National Ballets of Guinea),舞團名為Djoliba,從五十位最優秀的參賽者當中,經過了九個月的訓練與考試,Mamady Keita以十四歲的年齡入選僅有五個名額的國家鼓手,五個當中又只有三位是金貝手,尤力巴(Djoliba)國家舞團的四十五位藝人當中,他是最年輕的,從此的二十多年當中,Mamady隨著這個舞團到世界各地演出,只有在巡演中間能在幾內亞稍微休息。

他在加入這個舞團一年之後,就被任命為首席獨奏鼓手,當時十五歲,十七歲那年,他在導演Harry Belafonte的電影非洲舞(African Dance)中擔綱演出,十五年之後,他二十九歲那年,Mamady成為該團的藝術總監,直到1986年他離開舞團為止,這是鼓手所擔任過最高的職位,在這個期間,他贏得許多國際和泛非洲的比賽金獎,並且被認定為最強的非洲鼓手(Best African Drummer)

離開Djoliba舞團之後,他加入了Souleymane Koli的象牙海岸樂團Koteba,在為期一年半的演出期間,完成了兩次世界巡演,並參加了他第二次的電影演出 - La Vie platinee

1988
之前,的名字已經在西非流傳,這年比利時有一群打擊樂手成立了一個非營利性組織,叫做Zig Zag,他們商請MAmady去比利時首都布魯塞爾去教鼓,並且在一家叫做Repercussions的學校表演,當年年底,他在比利時成立自己的表演團體Sewa Kan,這個名字是來自於曼丁俗諺 - "沒有音樂就沒有快樂,沒有快樂就沒有音樂"( Ni kan tiyen, sewa tiyen. Ni sewa tiyen, kantiyen)

1989 Mamady
錄了Sewa Kan的第一張專輯"Wassolon",由布魯塞爾的Zig ZagFonti Musicali進行製作。

Mamady
是第一位促成海外研習營與幾內亞的藝術文化部合作的鼓手,這個研習營包含了鼓藝和舞蹈,1990年是第一梯次,來自歐洲的35位學生在藝術文化步的安排之下,到幾內亞的柯納克里(Conakry)進行為期四周的密集鼓藝和舞蹈課程,這課程從那時持續到現在。

1991
年,Mamady在布魯塞爾成立了自己的學校Tam Tam Mandingue(意即曼丁之鼓),這個學校迅速的造成轟動,並且有了國際地位,因此幾年之內又在巴黎、慕尼黑、柯納克里、美國、日本、和以色列開了分校,目前全世界已經有超過十二家分校。

1991
年,他的傳奇故事被拍成記錄片"Djembefola-讓金貝鼓開口說話的人",本片得到了記錄片大獎,影片是拍攝Mamady離鄉26之後,再度回到幾內亞的巴蘭杜古並且與Djoliba舞團再度團聚演出的的歷程,片中記錄了他的哥哥述說Mamady小時候預言者的話,與後來的情形完全相同,這部影片爲金貝鼓的文化升溫,在全世界引發了風潮。

1992
年,Mamady發行了Sewa Kan的第二張專輯 - Nankama,由Fonti Musicali製作。

1994
年,日本製作公司Sponichi Creates的製作人Nonoue Katsuo完成了Mamady Sewa Kan的第一次日本之行,拍成了NHK紀錄片 - Mamady Keita38隻小手( Mamady Keita and 38 little hands),記錄了他到日本南方的火山島漁村Mishima,教導16位日本小學生學習金貝鼓和西非文化,並且在課程結束後,帶著他們到都市裡演出。

1995
年,MamadyFonti Musicali回到幾內亞的巴蘭杜古錄製了現場音樂專輯- Mogobalu,集結了幾位年長的幾內亞金貝鼓大師, 包含了法多巴歐拉瑞(Fadouba Oulare) 和 法莫督科那堤(Famadou Konate),以及許多幾內亞最強的演唱者和音樂家,演奏著傳統樂器:BalafonKoraBolon、和Flute

1996
年,製作團隊又來到幾內亞的科那克里,邀請了金貝大師法莫多可納提,錄製第二張現場音樂專輯- Hamanah,並將專輯獻給讚頌強壯人的歌舞節奏-Dounoumba

1998
年,Fonti Musicali在布魯塞爾錄製了MamadySewa Kan的專輯-Afo,同年MamadySponichi Creates公司的Nonoue Katsuo教學錄影帶

1999
年,Sponichi Creates公司,帶著四位幸運的日本兒童與Mamady回到他的出生地巴蘭杜古,並且與當地的孩子共同在村落裡的慶典演出。

同年稍晚,Mamady與協同著作者Uschi Billimeier合寫了一本名為 “Mamady Keita: A Life for the Djembe”的書(Arun-Verlag出版),書中介紹了六十種節奏與節奏的文化意涵,並且在隨書CD當中介紹了21種節奏的錄音,這本書已經到了第五版,並且有德文、法文、英文、和日文等四種譯本。

2000
年他推出了Fonti Musicali製作的第六張雙CD專輯 - Baladugukan,邀請到Wassolon地區裡東幾內亞的鼓手一起進行製作。

布魯塞爾的導演Laurent Chevallier製作了Mamady的第二部紀錄片
-
Mogobalu”,期中Mamady詳述了自己從啟蒙到成為大師之間的歷程,以及身為這個文化傳承者的責任,影片裡還有1998Mamady Sewa Kan在布魯塞爾的Couleur Cafe表演的紀錄,在這個演出裡,好幾位其他領域的非洲音樂大師都來共襄盛舉,例如 Manu DibangoMory KanteKadja NinPaco SeriDoudou NDiaye RoseFamadou KonateSoungalo Coulibaly(已逝)

2001
年,Fonti Musicali製作了"Mamady Lee"專輯,本專輯是在Mamady家鄉科那克里錄製的。

2002
年,Fonti Musicali 製作"A Giate"專輯,收錄了幾內亞幾個族的傳統音樂(包含幾內亞的沿海、中部、南部、以及東北)

2003
年,Mamady開始搬到美國,並且與Tam Tam Mandingue美國分校推出了DjembeKan(意即金貝鼓的聲音)錄影專輯,收錄了1998-2002年之間,Mamady在美國巡迴教學的獨奏,那綿密的技法與凌駕於時間之上的節奏邏輯,讓人目瞪口呆。

2004
年,他遷居到美國加州的聖地牙哥,並將他的學校總部遷到此處,並出版了現場音樂專輯 - Sila Laka,同年,他的“Les Rythmes du Mandingue DVD教學系列出版,並成立了自己的製作公司 - Djembefola Productions

2005
年,他的Djembefola ProductionsZig Zag WorldFenix Music合作了“Mamady Keita & Sewa Kan LIVE@CouleurCafe” ,他的學生Rainer Arold 也發行了一個12CD的教材系列,以不同的速度讓愛好者得以依序漸進的學習。

2006
年,”Djembefola and Mogobalu”兩張DVD重新數位化整理後出版,他開始與其愛妻Monette Marino-Keita旅行世界各地進行課程講座,矢志保存曼丁文化。

[monbaza
譯自 www.mamadykeita.com 網站]
 

 

 

什麼|節奏|加入|電腦|保養

金貝(Djembe)是什麼?

djem '木頭', be '', Djembe是一種以羊皮繃上的鼓,
在音域上極為寬廣, 素來以其低頻的爆發力和豐富的共鳴音行走江湖...

目前有三篇選文  Djembe's background(中英文) | A Guide to the Jembe(中英文| Djembe(英文)

 

.

Djembe's background
金貝鼓的背景 - Djembe's background
Willie Camerman
2003
monbaza
翻譯 Nov,2003
原文 http://users.telenet.be/willie.camerman/index.html
[
譯文已獲得原作者 Willie的同意, 請點選以上連結收看更多照片]

起源

金貝鼓源自十三世紀由非洲曼丁人(Malinke or Manding) 建立的馬利王朝 (the empire of Mali), 地理位置涵蓋了目前非洲的馬利(Mali), 幾內亞(Guinea), 布吉納法所 (Burkina Faso), 象牙海岸(Ivory Coast), Sierra Leone, Liberia, 甘比亞 (Gambia), 以及塞內加爾 (Senegal).

金貝鼓是由村中的鐵匠階級進行製造, 鐵匠因為製造刀,,面具,及工具而在 社會中有重要的地位, 也有許多妻子和孩子, 每一個金貝鼓都是位一個特定 的鼓手而製造, 製造時必須選定一顆樹, 並在砍樹之前以一種植物種子(colanut)來慰問它.

而傳唱者(Djeli, 或稱為 griot, 女性的話則稱為 djeli muso griotte)階級則包含了樂師和演唱者, 由於缺乏書寫紀錄方式, 他們成為官方認定的 歷史及風俗的保存者, 孩子們從很小的時候就開始長段地背誦族內的歷史和風俗, 男孩要學習演奏木琴 (balafon or kora), 女孩則學習演唱及演奏如karignan djabara的小型非主要樂器, 到現在, 傳唱者仍是能正確知道什麼樣的歌曲, 舞蹈, 節奏, 該用在一些儀式中, 如受洗, 婚禮, 以及葬禮.

值得注意的, 是金貝鼓並不是傳唱者在傳統中所使用的樂器, 成為一個金貝鼓手 (Djembefola) 並沒有世襲的限制, 而且沒有被視為一個真正的工作,即使是村中的厲害鼓手也是由其他的工作來養活自己.

金貝鼓的形狀來自於搗碎雜糧的臼, 沙漏形狀的外型, 兩端開口, 用山羊或羚羊皮包住較大的開口端, 用手掌來演奏, 可作為伴奏或獨奏樂器.


金貝鼓在村裡的情形

傳統中, 金貝音樂出現在像是受洗, 婚禮等等的節慶或儀式裡, 向來都是有 唱歌有跳舞一起的, 而且沒有觀眾, 因為參加典禮的人都多少以一些形式加入演出.

鼓手們通常以開始打鼓作為慶典開始的通告以聚集人氣, 然後一個傳唱者開 始唱一首歌, 而眾人則應和著, 而樂師則在此時認出歌曲, 然後開始小聲的 打入相關的節奏, 然後舞者開始在一個圓圈中跳這個節奏的幾本舞步, 當傳 唱者停止演唱, 或是金貝主奏鼓手覺得唱的差不多了, 樂手們就開始便逐漸 大聲而且加快, 獨舞的舞者(主要是女人)由觀眾群中現身, 在金貝鼓手面前 跳舞, 金貝守則跟隨舞步而進行變奏, 獨舞長度隨著舞者的好壞和她們動作 變換的次數而定, 通常不會超過半分鐘, 獨舞之後, 音樂的速度再度下降, 便等待下一個舞者, 只有在每一個人都滿足在這個節奏裡能跳的所有的舞之後, 音樂才會停止 (可能很久), 然後傳唱者就開始唱另一首歌.

每一個節奏中包含了兩個或三個dundun鼓的聲部, 兩個或以上的伴奏金貝,以及一些進行傳統獨奏的金貝(譯者按: 西非的獨奏 - solo, 意味著在一些 樂器所發出的節奏中, 有一個月氣走不同的節奏, 甚至完全不在節奏中, 為一個草原上容易被辨認出來的大樹, 此與古典音樂裡的大提琴獨奏中所定 義的單一樂器獨自演奏不同), 每一種節奏都有各自的舞步和歌曲, 並且具有特定的目的, 在特定的場合和時機中進行.


金貝鼓在舞台上的情形

在現今西非國家相繼獨立之後, 許多的"國家舞蹈團"成立了, 目的是在向全 世界表現該國的文化傳承, 在這個情形底下, 新的表演型態促使不同地區的 節奏同時在一個節目中呈現, 原來部曾同時出現的樂器也在同一首曲子裡演 , 原本由其他樂器演奏的一些聲部改由金貝演奏, 村裡面為成一圈的跳舞 形式也被拉成一條舞台上的直線, 以便讓完全不需要參與演出的觀眾們坐在 椅子上觀看, 樂手通常在幕後演奏, 好把舞台讓給舞者, 舞蹈演變成複雜編 舞的齊舞.

後來又演變出另一種表演形式, 樂手們成為主力, 強調獨奏鼓手的技巧, 只有零星的舞者出現在月手後面的背景之中.


原作參考書籍

The information in this section was gathered from (a.o.):

"A Guide to the Djembe" by Eric Charry
"Mamady Keïta - A Life for the Djembe" - Uschi Billmeier, Arun
(ISBN 3-927940-61-5)
The leaflet of the CD "Dònkili - Call to Dance - Festival Music
from Mali", PAN records
"Belgisch Afrikaans Netwerk", de homepage van Belgisch
Afrikaans Slagwerk (B.A.S.), een aanrader voor
Nederlandstaligen
The Djembe-L-FAQ

 

.

金貝鼓的導讀 - A Guide to the Jembe
金貝鼓的導讀 - A Guide to the Jembe
Eric Charry
(原稿於 1996 修正於 2000)
monbaza
翻譯 Dec, 2003
原文: http://echarry.web.wesleyan.edu/jembearticle/article.html
[
譯文已獲得原作者 Eric Charry的同意, 請點選以上連結收看更多照片]


 
僅次於conga和鋼鼓, 世界上的人傾向認定金貝鼓是一種打擊樂器, 它的英文名稱是jembe, 法文的書寫則為djembe, 它首次進到西非以外的地區, 是在1950年代, 由幾內亞人 Fodeba Keita所領導的"非洲舞團 Les Ballets Africains"的世界巡迴表演, 接下來的幾十年中, 金貝鼓也只是在樂師和非洲歌舞愛好者之間才知道的樂器, 在美國的發展則是因為1960年代Les Ballets Africains舞團的Ladji Camara這個人訓練了一批金貝手,直到1980年代中期, 世界上也只有幾張唱片裡有金貝鼓的蹤跡.1980年代末, 金貝鼓的發展異常快速, 十幾張金貝合奏的CD專輯以及更多標榜含有金貝鼓的專輯都發行了, 幾內亞, 馬利, 及塞內加爾的國家舞團, 和舞團散出去的金貝手,吸引著急速膨脹的觀眾, 金貝老師的數目快速成長, 最近還有知名的製鼓公司開始製造販賣大量生產的制式金貝鼓.

造成金貝在美國發展遲滯的原因不少, 其中比較顯著的應該是地理位置相差太遠, 以及金貝鼓原產地的法語系國家能說英文的人太少之故, 1984年幾內亞總統Sekou Toure的逝世, 使得受到政府獎勵發展了25年的幾內亞藝術, 在長期的國際疏離政策之後, 對外國人進行大幅開放, 而這個同時, 幾內亞人也對外尋求因政府降低獎勵後所造成的資金空缺, 很快的, 幾內亞的鼓手們如Mamady KeitaFamoudou Konate 建立了他們在歐洲的基礎, "非洲舞團 Les Ballets Africains"(此團在1958年幾內亞獨立時成為幾內亞國家舞團)開始透過歐洲的通路銷售CD專輯, 而一群之前在"尤利巴舞團"(BalletDjoliba, 1965年成立, 是幾內亞的第二個國家舞團)的鼓手組成了"幾內亞打擊樂團"(Percussions de Guinee, 1988年成立的國家樂團)也開始巡迴演出並透過歐洲通路發行CD專輯, "警察合唱團"(Police)的鼓手Stewart Copeland加入了他們最近一次的巡迴演出(譯者按: 本文寫成的年代是1996), 使得這個樂團聲名大噪, 還有就是1980年代的世界音樂熱潮, 也助長了金貝音樂的發展, 策劃公司像是WOMAD就製作了幾內亞的Fatala樂團和布吉納法索(Burkina Faso)Farafina樂團這兩個以金貝為主的樂團演出.

然而對於金貝在非洲使用情形的嚴肅探討, 並沒有隨著這股熱潮而增加, 誤解仍大量存在, 一些基本的問題, , 誰在演奏金貝, 在什麼場合演奏, 在什麼國家演奏, 甚至在什麼樂器編制下演奏, 這些都在非洲之外的地區被病態地了解著 (ill-understood),只有少數不是非洲人的金貝手曾經真正花了時間去實地觀察金貝在它原生地區的功能,另一方面, 定居在海外的非裔金貝老師持續地努力傳達金貝的深度意義給他們的外籍學生們,然而卻遇到了詮釋外來文化所必然遇到的典型障礙, 以及語言障礙這個最本的問題.

英語通常是金貝手的第四或第五甚至第六種語言, 他們的母語通常是Maninka, Susu, Bamana, 第二母語是 Fula, Wolof, Soninke, Bobo, 加上一定具備的第三或第四種非洲母語, 還有法語, 然而整個歐洲卻找不出一種足以說明非洲節奏概念的語言,這使得金貝音樂在解釋上極為困難, 更別提在一些例如在割包皮儀式或是在割陰蒂儀式這些正式場合上, 演奏金貝的經驗和意義了.

甚至連拼音都帶來困擾, 這是因為非洲多數語言並沒有書寫的紀錄系統, 於是歐洲的紀錄系統就被採用, 例如英文中的"j"這個音, 在西非法文裡被寫成"dj", "di"或甚至"dy", 英文中的長音"u"則被寫為"ou", 更慘的是, 不是非洲語系國家的人,用歐洲或美國腔調來講出法文拼音, 這使得原本的非洲拼音更為扭曲, 例如有一個法文拼音是"Mandiani"的節奏, 會被說英語的人唸成 "Man-dee-ahn-ee", 大家在毫無覺察這個殖民的從屬關係之下, 接受了法式拼音的Djembe, 其實金貝是非洲樂器, 絕不是法國樂器, 還好有一些非洲和非非洲人正在發展一些Bamana Maninka非洲語言的書寫系統,以直接拼音來取代殖民時代華麗的法式拼音, "jembe", "Manjani", "Dundunba"這些由"djembe", "Mandiani", "Doundounba "簡化得來的法式拼音, 是最好的例子.

然而在西非開放之後, 非洲的金貝老師還有語言之外的問題要去克服, 您看, 非洲的學習過程是這樣的: 觀看, 實作, 接受批評, 修正, 然後才拜師學藝, 這要如何在以週為單位的課程中實踐呢? 這種課程中甚至很少有機會讓學生看到金貝手與舞者之間的互動, 這些非裔金貝老師必須因此而發展出新的方式, 來傳達知識給這些不是非洲族裔的學生們, 這通常意味著必須將這些老師的傳統知識加以改編或稀釋, 於是流暢的節奏被簡化了, 即興的成分降到了最低, 原本與舞者緊密相連的節奏速度的起落和流動變弱了,鼓手與舞者演出的意義則完全沒有被注意到.

對於金貝手來說, 將村落的傳統轉換成新的意義並不陌生, 國家獨立之後, 國家舞團形成的要素之一, 就是要把原始的打鼓和跳舞呈現在國際觀眾面前, 為了讓安坐在椅子上無須參與演出的觀眾欣賞, 於是村落中圍成一圈的舞蹈形式被拉成了一條直線.

為了呈現國家裡面音樂及舞蹈的多樣性, 原本不可能在同一個村落中出現的不同地域節奏, 被挑選出來一首接一首地排在節目單上, 配合舞蹈的演出, 國家樂團出現了原本很少同時出現的樂器編制, 這些轉變的背後是一群曾經接受歐式教育及文化的人, 我們可以由國家舞團的命名字群裡找到這些歐洲影響的痕跡 (Ballets , Ensembles , 以及 Orchestres), 國家樂團及舞團的任務, 原本應該是在舞台上重現非洲音樂及舞蹈的精髓, 但是在轉換的過程中, 卻產生了一種新的表演形式.

最近, 另一種在舞蹈表演之外發展出來的金貝音樂已形成, Mamady Keita 幾內亞打擊樂團(Percussions de Guinee)的演出和專輯可說是很好的例子, 這種新的樂團形式進一步把傳統中金貝鼓和舞者的連結除去, 演出的焦點是放在樂句的編曲和獨奏者的超級技巧, 這種金貝鼓的使用方式已經造成了鼓手和多數非洲人內心複雜的情緒, 非洲鼓像暴風一樣席捲世界上的工業先進國家, 這背後隱藏著非洲人渴望他們深沉文化遺產被認同的動機, 但是以神聖傳統可能被粗暴地對待的這種代價, 換來在美國消費文化市場上的成功, 這代價不免過高, 在許多教學課程中, 非洲老師們因為村落的節奏被錯誤地演奏所帶來的沮喪變的越來越明顯.

好吧, 那麼該怎麼去學金貝鼓呢? 到非洲去直接向傳統學習當然最好, 不過也可以和幾位已經移民或長期居留在美國和歐洲的金貝大師學習, 名單中的大師持續增加中, 例如在紐約市就有令人景仰的Ladji Camara, 華盛頓特區的Djimo Kouyate, 羅德島Providence市的Abdoul Doumbia, 比利時布魯塞耳的Mamady Keita, 法國的Adama Drame, 荷蘭的Arafan Toure, 以及柏林的Famoudou Konate, 這些都是已經有演奏專輯問世的大師們, 金貝夏令營和學習課程在美國快速成長, 年輕的非洲老師也因此搬到美國來, 有一個好幾百人的網路討論區 djembe-list FAQ, 要找課程和老師的話可以去那裡試試. (譯者按: 這個討論區目前已經移到yahoo http://groups.yahoo.com/group/djembe-l 有大約1500).

雖然對於今貝鼓及其原生環境介紹的文字仍然很少, 但相信這應該會隨著大量音樂專輯的出版而改變, 有幾本書值得介紹給大家, 1989 Diallo & Hall寫的一本書, 是由一位源自於Minianka的馬利人寫的, 講的是有關核心傳統的分化Periphery, 1992年有一本Drame & Senn-Borlez寫的自傳, 介紹了布吉納法索和象牙海岸的文化傳統, 同樣也提到脫離了馬利人及幾內亞人傳統的現象, 這幾本書都是由沒什麼音樂生態背景的人協助寫成, 所以少了這部分的觀點, Mark Sunkett1995年寫成的書, 看起來是在說塞內加爾打鼓傳統在美國的轉變, 實際上應該更進一步指出這個傳統是來自於幾內亞, 1991年在Famoudou Konate的音樂專輯中, 附了一本由 Konate的學生Johannes Beer以德文和法文撰寫的小書, 介紹金貝節奏的音樂生態, BlancAdama Drame的學生, 他在1993年也出了一本書, Bayreuth大學的Rainer Polak正在進行的音樂生態學碩士論文, 是以Bamako文化研究為基礎, 相信將能成為過去二十年中迦納打鼓節奏分析的一個標準.

最近對金貝演奏學習有興趣的人可以找到許多世界級的金貝大師音樂專輯, 這些專輯包含了國家區隔, 地域區隔, 及個人風格等多元化的呈現, 也許無法被一般的愛樂者接受, 評估這些專輯的幾個要素, 包含了 專輯來自哪一個國家, 樂團的團長是哪一族的, 在哪一個地理區域內, 錄音的內容是一個傳統節日, 還是在錄音室裡的演奏, 本文以下的文字將有助於您欣賞越來越多的金貝音樂專輯.

核心的金貝鼓傳統來自馬利和幾內亞, Maninka/Susu的地理區域裡, Maninka源自於曼地 (Mande), 大約位於Kanka, 幾內亞, Bamako, 以及馬利之間, Maninka的讀音是由 Mande-nka而來, 意思是"來自曼地的人", MaliMande的變形字, Malinka則與Maninka是同義字, 歷史上, Susu文化發展的地理位置, 比它的兄弟Maninka文化同樣來自於馬利, 但是Maninka比較靠北邊, 合起來兩種文化可以通稱為Soso, Susu族在十三世紀被Sunjata盟軍打敗, 於是遷徙到了幾內亞, 接受了海岸地區原處居民的影響, 現代對Susu族一詞的使用大都指的是遷徙之後的Susu (詳閱 WassaWofa音樂專輯), 金貝音樂也在這遷徙之後開始在塞內加爾, 象牙海岸, 以及布吉那法索顯著地發展.

圖說: 金貝音樂的核心區域(Eric Charry), 地名是斜體字 (國家名是斜體大寫字), 曼地相關民族是非斜體大寫字, 非曼地相關民族是斜體小寫字, 字首是大寫字母.

雖然傳說中並沒有關於今貝起源的故事, 但是一般相信, 這個起源和Maninka/Susu族中名為Numu的傳統鐵匠階級有關, 至今仍供應鐵的這個階級是守護某種力量的人, Numu以手來為象徵他們所領導的神秘社群的木質Komo面具塑型, 他們也為男孩和女孩施行割包皮禮和割陰蒂禮, 這個儀式將孩子們的危險的能量提升, 以象徵進入成人世界, 鐵匠們也雕刻金貝鼓的鼓身, 並演奏金貝, 而金貝在西非廣泛分布的原因很可能是因為在西元一千年時的遷徙, Camara, Doumbia, Kante這幾個家族是Sunjata王朝的一部分, Sunjata Keita在十三世紀初期所建立的馬利 (或稱曼地)關係密切, 根據廣泛的口傳歷史敘述, CamaraDoumbia家族的成員是SUnjata的盟軍, 曾協助Sunjata擊退Susu的暴君Sumanguru Kante, 這些大家族在馬利帝國形成的腳色, 可以由這幾位的著作翻譯看到, 分別是 1965Niane, 1980 Laye, 以及1986Johnson, 1954Camara Laye也曾經寫下一本重要的自傳, 詳細地敘述他在幾內亞北部身為鐵匠之子的童年.

除了鐵匠的關聯之外, 演奏金貝並沒有世襲上的限制, 事實上, 鐵匠與音樂製作毫無關係, 因為有一個世襲的工匠階級是專門負責作音樂的, Maninka族裡被稱為Jeli, 他們是法文中所敘述的傳唱者(griot), 有三種樂器專供他們使用: kora (21弦豎琴), bara (或稱 balafon, 木琴), 以及 koni (或稱 ngoni, 四或五弦魯特琴).

Jeli
很少演奏金貝, 也許是因為金貝不是他們專用的三種樂器之一, 馬利西北部的Xasonke族是Maninka族的近親, 他們只有Jeli可以演奏蹲蹲鼓(dundun), 蹲蹲鼓是一種伴隨著金貝演奏的雙面低音鼓, 通常都配一個金屬作的鈴, Xasonke dundun也被稱為 Jeli dundun, 特色是演奏者以左手拇指上滑動的大戒指來敲擊高高拿在左手上的鈴(如圖), 但是非洲其他地區對演奏蹲蹲鼓的人卻沒有這種世襲上的限制, 馬利族中非Jeli所使用的蹲蹲鼓是沒有鈴的(詳聽1994Mamadou Kante的音樂專輯), 而幾內亞的鈴則通常都附在每一個鼓上面.與鐵匠階級相同的, Jeli也有KouyateDiabate這兩個相關的家族, 還有幾個是代表皇族 (horon)的姓氏, Keita, Konate, Kone, Traore, 皇族階級與工匠階級不同, 他們曾經是站是, 統治者, 以及Maninka的族長, 西非的家族的姓氏通常足以判斷他們種族或階級的源頭, 但是仍要小心西非社會的流動性以免誤判, 大部分的金貝手有ManinkaSusu的名字, 姓名裡有 Camara, Doumbia, Keita的是與鐵匠階級有關, KeitaKonate則代表是Maninka皇族的後代, 注意到很少人的姓名與Jeli有關, 然而Adama Drame提出, 在布吉納法索裡金貝是Jeli的樂器, 卻與相距甚遠的曼地Jeli完全不使用金貝鼓的傳統有所不同.金貝鼓的合奏曲目來自許多出處, 有最多人用來錄音的Dundunba這種廣為流傳的Maninka舞蹈及節奏, 也有區域色彩濃厚的 Soli (幾內亞的Maninka), Dnasa (馬利的Xasonke), 以及Susu (馬利的Bamana), 還有很多改編自同一國家中鄰近部族的其他鼓節奏, 如在幾內亞很受歡迎的Kuku就是, 這個節奏在源自於幾內亞南部的叢林, 但是Kuku在馬利則完全不重要.

國家鼓團風格及合奏曲目的發展在歐洲殖民地中恣意地發展, 是最近的現象, 尤其可以在Maninka族發現, Maninka的原居地已經被分到馬利和幾內亞兩個國家, 馬利的Maninka鼓手向北遷徙到首都Bamako, 遇到了北邊Savannah地區和Sahel地區的節奏, 因為這不是家鄉的節奏, 所以用這些新遇到的地區來命名這些新的節奏, 例如 Bamana, Wasulu(或稱Wasolon), Maraka, Sarakole, Dogon, Peulh (參考以下馬利人鼓手的音樂專輯: Abdoul Doumbia, Yamadu Doumbia, 以及Mamadou Kante), 而幾內亞境內的Maninka鼓手遷徙到了西南邊的Conakry, 加入了叢林地區的幾個族(Baga, Toma, Mane, Temne Guerze)的節奏, Maninka節奏的加入, 深深影響了國家鼓團風格及合奏曲目的發展.

金貝的打法, 在舞團裡和村落裡的基本差別, 於非洲以外的地方很少有人察覺, 因為很少有關於村落的音樂專輯, 而外界能看到的現場演出也只有這些舞團或舞團的分團了, 事實上這些基本差別對於了解金貝鼓正是最重要的, 這也是非洲人面對非洲以外地區金貝手將音樂與意涵分開所帶給非洲人的沮喪之源, 每一個金貝節奏和舞蹈都有特定目的, 特定進行的時間, 以及特定進行的地方, 有些節奏是特別在褒揚特殊族群, 例如Jeli don (jeli, Maninka語裡don是舞蹈的意思), Woloso don(一個奴隸階級), 或是 Dundunba(強壯或勇敢的男人們), 另外有一些節奏是在特殊場合才有的, 例如Soli (在割包皮禮和割陰蒂禮舉辦時才有), 還有Kassa(伴隨著田裡的耕作), 舞團或音樂會裡的金貝手大多經過村落傳統的薰陶.

村落或城市裡的打鼓聚會通常會超過幾個小時, 鼓手和舞者集中精神在一個或少數幾個節奏上, 出席者在聚會中的某一段都會跳舞, 通常是個別地接近鼓手們, 也有兩個或三個一起的, 盡力地挑戰自己的舞步, 聚會的氣氛在高低之間消長著, 緊緊關聯著狂舞時的火熱節奏, 和慢拍休息時令人屏息的女歌手(Jeli muso)演唱, 以下幾張音樂專輯真實地捕捉了這樣的片段: 分別是 1991年在ConakryFamoudou Konate 演奏的專輯, 1994年在Bouake錄音由Adama Drame 演奏的專輯, 以及1994年在BamakoYamadu Dumbia 演奏的專輯, 這裡面可以聽到歌曲變快時, 主要鼓手和主要舞者的表現, 還有制式節奏之後明顯的長段, 讓舞者退場.

相較之下, 國家或地區性舞團的舞者, 是好幾位一齊跳同一支精心編排的舞, 編舞的先驅者如Fodeba Keita (幾內亞的法文大都把姓氏寫在名字之前, 所以公開場合裡這個名字是 Keita Fodeba)用快速連續的舞蹈和節奏的變換, 來解決因為同一種舞蹈或節奏持續太久時, 座椅上觀眾可能產生的倦怠, 非洲舞團(Les Ballets Africains)1991年所出版的表演錄影帶和原聲帶可以作為一個生動的寫照, 一小時的曲目裡有超過三十首歌和舞蹈, 有些段落短於一分鐘, 但是像Dundunba這種重要的曲子就占了幾乎十分鐘, 不管原來的村落是為什麼用那些樂器, 這些來自各地區的節奏被改編為以金貝鼓為基礎編制的樂團, 這些需要長時間練習的村落音樂精神, 在編曲的創意中消失, 整個樂團以多重節奏的交織, 齊奏同一個樂段, Mamady Keita在電影Djembefola裡與Djoliba舞團的表演正說明了這樣的編曲形式是村落中所沒有的.

不管這些學習金貝的同學心中的印象, 以及許多流傳的鼓譜, 非洲地區的金貝合奏規模極小, 節奏的使用也有限, 金貝音樂的錄音編制, 1987Adama Drame的單一金貝(沒有重複錄音加入另一隻金貝的聲音, 指的純是單人演奏), 以及Ladji Camara n.d.b.的單一金貝配一隻Dundun, 還有幾內亞打擊樂團的四五隻金貝合奏, 這些都有, 最少的合奏編制需要一隻主奏金貝, 一隻伴奏金貝, 以及一隻Dundun, 通常有兩三隻Dundun, 分別是稱為Sangba的中型Dundun, 以及稱為Kenkeni的小型Dundun, 標準的合奏編制, 例如Mamadou Kante1994年的音樂專輯, 是兩隻金貝兩隻Dundun, 還有兩隻金貝配三隻Dundun, 出現在Mamay Keita19891992的音樂專輯, 以及Famoudou Kante 1991年的音樂專輯, 再來就是三隻金貝配三隻Dundun, 出現在Adama Drame1994的音樂專輯, 以及 Mamady Keita 1995年的音樂專輯, Dundun最多是用到三隻, 但金貝則可以有許多隻, 大部分是兩隻, 多於兩隻的金貝可能是專輯製作人所創造出來的編制吧.

金貝鼓有三種基本的聲音(甩擊slap, 悶音tone, 和低音bass)和兩種最基本的節奏:
slap--slap slap-tone tone (s--ss-tt),
以及 slap-tone slap-bass (s-ts-b), '-'代表休止符, s-ts-b在幾內亞大都是打成s-ts--, 低音不打, 變成休止符, 金貝獨奏的樂句雖然十分特殊, 但通常是Dundun來讓節奏鮮活起來, 而在世界廣為流傳的口述記譜法(譯者按: Pa=右手甩擊, Ta=左手甩擊, Go=右手悶音, Do=左手悶音, Gun=右手低音, Dun=左手低音, 'b-tt--s-'唸成Gun-Go Do--Pa-), 事實上在馬利和幾內亞是沒有這樣在教的, 非洲的教法可能會有老師為學生唱一段, 但是音節和字母的選擇主要是為了溝通節奏而已, Djembefola這部電影的開場, Mamady Keita對他的比利時學生唸了一段節奏, 但是在代表相同擊法的點上唸法並沒有保持一致.

相較於非洲以外地區蓬勃的鼓樂專輯發行, 馬利和幾內亞的國內音樂工業什麼內容都有, 獨缺鼓樂, 甚至沒有一捲金貝的錄音帶專輯, 因為打鼓不是用來聽的, 而是用來跳舞的, 而打鼓只是因為這種跳舞是鼓手必須以起進行的一種村民的共同參與, 金貝有時在都市的流行樂團中出現, 但都是當一種配器而不是主要樂器, 除了極少聽到的一點獨奏的片段, 文化上說來, 金貝的使用通常是為了促進舞蹈裡的精神層面, Oumou Dioubate1993年的舞作 Lancy, 她敘述了失去一對雙胞胎新生兒之後與阿拉的一個約定, 如果阿拉許她一個能叫她媽媽的孩子, 那麼她就要為阿拉跳神聖的Moribadjassa, 當她的兒子Lancy叫媽媽之後, 她召喚世界上所有的女人來幫助她跳Moribadjassa, 進入金貝.

金貝在西非有既廣泛又長遠的傳統, 節奏和相關的舞蹈在非洲有更深厚的意義, 從清理田野, 慶祝結婚, 成人禮, 直到Komo社會中的神聖祭典, 金貝總是在那裡帶領著, 非洲的金貝手在海外靠著祖先遺產的力量支撐, 忠實地教導外籍學生非洲傳統, 我們應該去找他們, 去向他們學習非洲的文化, 去學習大師的音樂, 或者更進一步地去村落裡拜訪他們, 否則他們的傳統可能就這麼變淡而最後消失了.



Eric Charry
University of North Carolina at Greensboro 1996
Wesleyan University 1998



金貝主題相關書目表列

Blanc, Serge
1993 Percussions Africaines: Le Tambour Jembe. With accompanying CD.
Editions Maurice Sonjon.
Browning, Robert
1995 "Djembefola", Rhythm Music Magazine 4(9): 21-24.
Diallo, Yaya and Mitchell Hall
1989 The Healing Drum: African Wisdom Teachings.
Rochester, VT: Destiny Books.
Drame, Adama and Arlette Senn-Borloz
1992 Jeliya, etre griot et musicien aujourd'hui.
Paris: Editions L'Harmattan.
Goldman, Erik
1995 "Papa Ladji Camara's Manifest Destiny",
Rhythm Music Magazine 4(9):18-20.
Johnson, John William
1986 The Epic of Son-Jara: A West African Tradition.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Laye, Camara (Laye Camara)
1954 The Dark Child. Translated by James Kirkup and Ernest Jones.
New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. Originally published as
L'enfant noir, 1953.
1980 The Guardian of the Word. Translated by James Kirkup.
Great Britain: Fontana. Originally published as
Le Maitre de la Parole, 1978.
Niane, Djibril Tamsir
1965 Sundiata, an epic of old Mali. Translated by G. D. Pickett.
Essex: Longman. Originally published as
Soundjata, ou l'epopee mandingue, 1960.
Sunkett, Mark
1995 Mandiani Drum and Dance: Djimbe Performance and Black
Aesthetics from Africa to the New World.
Tempe, AZ: White Cliffs Media.



金貝音樂專輯列表:

MALI
Coulibaly, Soungalo
1992 Percussion and Songs from Mali. Arion, ARN-64192/Melodie, 09265.
Diallo, Yaya
1994 The Healing Drum: African Ceremonial and Ritual Music.
Destiny Recordings.
Doumbia, Abdoul
1995 Abdoul Doumbia. AKD 95. Telephone: (401) 521-3624.
Dumbia, Yamadu
1994 Festmusik aus Mali. Rainer Polak, Oswald-Merz-Strasse 10,
95444 Bayreuth, Germany.
Kante, Mamadou
1994 Les Tambours du Mali/Drums from Mali. Playa Sound, PLS 65132.
Rhythms of Mali
1995 Drums of Mali: Baco Djicorni. Djenne, DJCD 1001. Dist. by Stern's.
Troupe Folklorique Malienne
n.d. African Rhythms and Instruments, vol. 1. Recorded at the Premiere
festival Panafricaine, Algiers, 1969. Lyrichord, LYRCD 7328.

GUINEA
Africa Djole with Fode Youla
1980 Kaloum. Free Music Production, FMP/SAJ-26.
n.d.a. Live: The Concert in Berlin '78. Free Music Production, FMP CD 1.
n.d.b. Basikolo-Ne-Ne. Recorded 1984. Free Music Production, FMP CD 44.
Les Ballets Africains
1991 Les Ballets Africains. Doundoumba, DDB 40001; Buda, 82513-2.
1994 Les Ballets Africains: Silo. Buda, 92579-2.
1996 Les Ballets Africains: Heritage. Doundoumba, 92634-2.
Camara, Ladji
n.d.a. Africa, New York. Recorded in 1975. Lyrichord, LYRCD 7345.
n.d.b. Les ballets africains de Papa Ladji Camara. Lyrichord, LYRCD 7419.
Fatala
1988 Gongoma times. Issued in 1993 by Realworld/Caroline, CAROL 2331-2.
Keita, Mamady
1989 Wassolon. Fonti Musicali, FMD 159.
1992 Nankama. Fonti Musicali, FMD 195.
1995 Mogobalu. Fonti Musicali, FMD 205.
Konate, Famoudou
1991 Rhythmen der Malinke. Museum fur Volkerkunde Berlin, CD 18.
Stauffenbergstrasse 42, D-10785 Berlin. Fax: 49-30-266-29-85.
Master of the Forest
1992 Master of the Forest: Mystique d'Afrique. African Percussion.
Telephone: (818) 591-3111.
Percussions de Guinee (Percussionists of Guinea)
1990 Percussions de Guinee. Buda, 82501-2.
1994 Percussions de Guinee, vol. 2. Buda, 92586-2.
Unidentified drummers from Karala
1952 Music of Occidental Africa: Music of the Baule,
Music of the Malinke. Counterpoint CPT-529, Esoteric ES-529
(1956). Reissued in 1993 on CD along with other material as
African Tribal Music and Dances on Laserlight Digital, 12179.
1972 Musique Malinke. Recorded by Gilbert Rouget in 1952.
Vogue LDM 30113.
Unidentified drummers from Koumana and Mandiana
1992 Recits et epopees. Ocora, C 560009.
Wassa
1991 Songs and Rhythms from the Coastal Region of Guinea.
Buda, 92518-2.
Wofa
1995 Rhythms and Songs from the Coastal Region of Guinea.
Buda, 92624-2.

BURKINA FASO
Farafina
1993 Faso Denou. Realworld/Caroline, CAROL 2328-2.
Les Freres Coulibaly
1993 Anka Dia. Auvidis, B6775.
Koko du Burkina Faso
1993 Balafons & tambours d'Afrique, vol. 2. Playa Sound, PS 65101.
Ouedraogo, Amidou & Faso Tile
n.d. Lamogoya Cole Bobo. Koch International, 322415.
Unidentified drummers from Bobo Dioulasso
1990? Balafons, percussions, chanteurs de Bobo Dioulasso. Buda, 82481-2.

IVORY COAST (Cote d'Ivoire)
Drame, Adama
1979 Rhythms of the Manding: Adama Drame (jembe). Recorded 1976-78.
Phillips, Unesco collection 6586 042.
Also issued in 1984 as Grem, DSM 042.
1986 Djeli. Auvidis, B5519.
1987 Grands maitres de la percussion: tambour djembe. Auvidis, B6126.
1992 Percussions Mandingues/Mandingo Drums. Playa Sound, PS 65085.
Reissue of Playa Sound, PS 33525.
1992 Marc Vella & Adama Drame: Continents.
Label Bleu, LBLC 2504/Harmonia Mundi, HM 83.
1994 Percussions Mandingues/Mandingo Drums, vol. 2: Foliba.
Playa Sound, PS 65122.
1995 Autres contacts. With Les Percussions de Strasbourg.
Harmonia Mundi/L'empreinte digitale, ED 13043.
Unidentified Senufo drummers
1987 Musik der Senufo. Museum fur Volkerkunde Berlin, MC 4.

SENEGAL
Kouyate, Djimo
1992 Yankadi: Manding Drum Rhythms. Djimo Kouyate & Memory
of African Culture. P.O. Box 50042, Washington, D.C. 20091.

Orchestre Africa Djembe
1992 The Drums of Goree. Playa Sound, PS 65104.
Mandiani Drum and Dance
1994 Mandiani Drum and Dance. White Cliffs Media, WCM-9326.


Popular Music featuring the Jembe (selected examples)
MALI
Diakite, Djeneba
1993 Piraterie. Cobalt/Melodie, 09265-2.
Keita, Salif
1994 The Mansa of Mali...A Retrospective. Mango, 162-539-937-2.
Sangare, Oumou
1993 Ko Sira. World Circuit, WCD 036.

GUINEA
Camara, Aboubacar
199? Baba Moussa. Bolibana, BIP 93.
Dioubate, Oumou
1993 Lancey. Stern's, STCD 1046.
Les Nyamakalas du Fouta Djallon
1992 Guinee: Les Nyamakalas du Fouta Djallon. Buda, 92530-2.
Soumah, Momo "Wandel"
1991 Matchowe. Buda, 82814-2.
Soumano, Sabre
199? Moussolou. Bolibana, BIP 108.

SENEGAL
Ndour, Youssou
1989 The Lion. Virgin, 7


金貝音樂錄影帶列表:

Les Ballets Africains
1991 Les Ballets Africains, National dance Company of the Republic of
Guinea: A Special One Hour performance Recorded for Channel
Four Television in the United Kingdom. Doundoumba Records.
Distributed on their concert tours.
n.d. Kalim International presente: Les Ballets Africains par Justin Morel
Junior. Paris: Kalim Int. tel: 45-23-47-41; fax:42-47-00-33.
Le Ballet National de Cote d'Ivoire
n.d. The Best of African Ballet: Le Ballet National de Cote d'Ivoire,
West Africa. 3 volumes. Los Angeles: L&B Conversion Center.
(213) 938-0814.
Le Ballet National du Senegal
n.d. Pangols: The Spirit of West Africa in Music, Song, & Dance.
Columbia Artists Management, 165 W. 57th St., New York, NY 10019.
Keita, Mamady
1991 Djembefola. Directed by Laurent Chevalier. Interama Video Classics
(1994), 301 W. 53rd St., Suite 19E, New York, NY 10019,
telephone: (212) 977-4830.






.

Djembe
金貝百科
原作 RaZTaH樂團
[
轉載  http://www.mombasaexpress.com/raztah/djembe.html ]

A large goblet shaped drum, traditionally carved out of one log. Like an ashiko, yields a resonant bass tone when struck in the middle, and a high ringing tone when struck on the rim.
Origin: African.


History
"This grail-shaped hand drum, known to various tribes in West Africa as the "djembe," (jem-bay) is central to the musical heritage of the Malinke and Sousou tribes of Guinea in West Africa. The common cultural and historical roots of these tribes can be traced to the great Mali Empire which once encompassed all of present-day Mali as well as most of the coastal regions of West Africa. Its legacy has been preserved throughout the centuries in the praises, lamentations and narrations of a special breed of musicians.
The djembe has always played a significant role in the celebration of sacred and secular events among the Malinke and Sousou tribes. The djembe tells its tale in abstract terms that might mean different things to different people. The secret to its seemingly endless spectrum rests, on the surface at least, in the tautness and thickness (relative to the drum body) of the goatskin covering its head. An experienced djembe drummer can coax enough sound from the drum to make it seem like an exchange between several drums is taking place, when in fact just one drum is speaking."
By Lilian Friedberg, "Djembe: Drum with a Thousand Faces"

"The jembe (spelled djembe in French writing) is on the verge of achieving world status as a percussion instrument, rivaled in popularity perhaps only by the conga and steel pan. It first made an impact outside West Africa in the 1950's due to the world tours of Les Ballets Africains led by the Guinean Fodeba Keita. In the few decades succeeding this initial exposure, the jembe was known internationally only to a small coterie of musicians and devotees of African music and dance. In the U.S., interest in the jembe centered around Ladji Camara, a member of Les Ballets Africains in the 1950's, who since the 1960's has trained a generation of American players. Worldwide, a mere handful of LP recordings were released up to the mid-1980's.

Since the late 1980's international interest in the jembe has taken an unprecedented turn. Well over a dozen CD recordings exclusively featuring jembe ensembles have been released in addition to as many recordings featuring the jembe in mixed ensembles. Tours of national ballet troupes from Guinea, Mali, and Senegal, and former drummers from these troupes are playing to swelling crowds."
by Eric Charry, Percussive Arts Society


Origin
By all accounts, core jembe traditions come from Mali and Guinea, and appear to be of Maninka/Susu origin. The homeland of the Maninka is called Mande and is located roughly between Kankan, Guinea and Bamako, Mali (see map). Maninka is a local pronunciation of Mande-nka, which means person from Mande. (Mali is a deformation of the word Mande, and Malinke is synonymous with Maninka.) The term Susu can refer in a historical sense to close relatives of the Maninka who originally came from further north in Mali; in this context they are usually called Soso. After their defeat at the hands of Sunjata and his allies in the thirteenth century, Susu groups migrated into Guinea toward the coast absorbing influences from the people among whom they settled; modern usage of Susu usually refers to this later wave settled along the coast (see the recordings of Wassa and Wofa ). The jembe has also migrated and plays a significant role in the border countries of Senegal, Cote d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), and Burkina Faso.
by Eric Charry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1996 --Wesleyan University 1998--


How to play
A Djembe is typically played in one of three positions. The first is the standing position with a drum strap suspending the drum from the shoulders in front of the player with the head of the drum slightly below the player’s waist. The stem or foot of the drum in this position points down and back between the player’s legs. It is in this position that the drum is most resonant, being apart from any solid surfaces. Drum straps can be made from any number of materials including webbing, belts, shirts, and ropes.

The second position is where the player is seated on a stool or chair with the drum between the knees. The Djembe must be tilted so that the foot of the drum is not flat against the floor. In this position, the knees and feet secure the drum so that it doesn’t fall or get away from the player. It is important for the seat to be at the right height for the playing surface of the drum. Otherwise, the playing will be awkward and fatigue will set in very early. Speaking of fatigue, having erect posture while being relaxed is the easiest way to keep energized and comfortable while playing. The second position is usually the most comfortable for most people if there is a place to sit down. This is the position favoured by members of the Tea Party. The third position may be used where there is no convenient place to sit. This is where the Djembe is lying down, and the player straddles the instrument. This position is usually difficult to maintain for any extended period of time. The player must be careful not to damage the top edge of the drum against the ground or floor in this position.

Whichever position is chosen, the Djembe is capable of producing, with some coaxing, three distinct tones. A beginner can enjoy whatever sounds that come from the drum while playing. Before long however, it will become obvious that striking the drumhead in different places and holding the hands in different ways produces different sounds. The first tone to play is usually the normal or open tone. The hand strikes the drum with the four fingers and first inch of the palm on the drum. The thumb does not strike the drumhead in the normal or open tone. This tone, like the other two, is played without the other hand touching the drumhead to avoid muting the sound. And to play the normal tone cleanly, the striking hand must not be allowed to linger on the surface of the drum. The bass tone is played with the hand striking the drum more or less in the center of the drumhead. Experimentation will show where the bass sound is most resonant. The slap tone is played in much the same position as the normal or open tone but with the little finger slightly leading the contact with the drumhead as opposed to the hand being flat.


A Little Lesson on West African Rhythm
When seeing West African drums for the first time, it is easy to be struck with their raw beauty and simplicity. It would also be easy to assume that since the drums seem simple in design, that the traditional music played on them is also simple. Nothing could be further from the truth. Although it is true that these "primitive" drums can give great pleasure when played individually, they may also be used in remarkably complex pieces played by ensembles.African music is based on two very different forms of rhythm. Divisive rhythm divides time into equal pieces and results in a regular pulse (as in most Western music). Additive rhythm adds together little pieces of time of unequal length with a stress at the beginning of each piece, resulting in irregular beats. Further, African rhythmic technique falls into two distinct classes: the technique used in drumming on the one hand, and that used for songs, hand clapping, bells, rattles, and other instruments on the other. The latter may be called the ‘background rhythm’, as it is against this that the drums usually play.

African Dances exhibit the full flowering of African rhythmic procedures. Customs vary from tribe to tribe. An example is a case where a bell, a rattle, hand clap, song, and three drums – small, medium, and master drum – are used, as with the Ewe people in Ghana. The song, which has an additive rhythm, is first sung rubato by the leader (rhythm consciously diverging from strict beat). It is then sung a tempo (in strict rhythm) by leader and chorus. The bell now enters, closely followed by the rattle, both usually playing additive rhythms. The people start clapping one or more divisive rhythms. The small drum starts playing a divisive rhythm whose main beat is permanently staggered with that of the bell. The master drum comes in with a long irregular pattern rhythmically crossed with everything else. Lastly, the middle drum enters with a short standard reply to the master’s pattern (each of the master’s patterns has its own reply on the middle drum). This pattern will be crossed with the other drums, and may be either additive or divisive. There is now a whole galaxy of crossed rhythms, and it is against this astonishing ensemble that the people start dancing, each dancer selecting one instrument to dance to, and thus dancing in cross-rhythm to all the others. This extraordinary rhythmic thrill is entirely unknown in Western musical tradition.


How should a djembe sound ?
Of course the sound of a djembé is the most important aspect of the quality of a djembé ! The sound depends on the shape of the interior of the drum, wood type of the body, diameter and skintype, correct (high !) tension of the goat skin and the ability of the player (the djembéfola) to create various sounds and different rhythms ! No handcrafted drum sounds like another ! That is why a group of players can make such fantastic sounding polyrythms, because every drum even if tuned at the same pitch sounds different. The music made by a group of players can be made even richer by adding a dunun, sambang and kenkeni together with other high pitched instruments like bells (kenken), shakers and so on.
The fact that no djembé is stored in a shop tuned at playing pitch makes judging the drum purely on the sound difficult. If you have to buy your drum in a shop maybe you simply should accept the fact that it will sound different from others. If you buy it from an experienced player you might expect to be able to judge (and buy) the djembé tuned at the right pitch. Record that pitch on a cassette so that you can tune the instrument to the right pitch later by yourselves !
The right pitch is a high pitch. Masterdrummers get the most out of it because they tune the skin untill about breaking tension ! Smaller djembés are easier to maintain. The skin will not wear out so soon because it does not require so much tension to be tuned up.
Replacing the skin takes some three to four hours of real hard work even for an experienced someone !
Some characteristics may influence the durability of the drum, ease of tuning, stability after tuning, ease of maintenance and so on. Of course the drum has to look nice too ! A number of these characteristics can be manipulated and controlled. Some importers select producers that produce djembés of high quality out of selected materials and in a manner that responds to the highest reasonable demands. In this way they can assure you an excellent djembé that is easy to tune and will stay tuned for a long period of time ! Only very high quality cords should be used. At least polyester cord should have been used because it stretches only within reasonable limits when tensioning the skin. Often polyamid (=nylon) or even polypropylene is used. When tuning the djembé untill the normal pitch these cords tend to stretch. Master class djembé can even be fitted with cord of absolutely stretch-free super-strong twined fibers (like Aramide, Kevlar, Dyneema, Twaron, Vectran) protected with a polyester jacket. It gives this cord the strength of a steel cable with the comfort of a soft cord !


Tuning a djembé
Tuning a djembé is done by increasing the tension on the vertical cords, so the cords that connect the cords knotted on the metal rings.
The tension is increased by pulling the vertical cords apart and together the way it is done already (to a limited extend) when you receive the drum. Slowly undo the cord a few knots to see how the tensioning cord is woven through the vertical cords. Then start yourself tensioning the drum and tuning it up. The higher the tone the higher the tension of the cords. So the force needed to pull the cord will go up too ! When the drum comes to its correct tension your hands will hurt ! Normally you will use a stick to wrap a piece of cord around for more comfortable pulling. If you are an unexperienced player but have a strong back and arms avoid tearing the thin and sensitive goat-skin by having the tuning done by an experienced player. To prevent forcing his back, a djembéfola in Africa does not make his djembé himself. This is done by another person ! A good check that your drum is tuned correctly is that a closed slap sounds clearly different from an open slap. Making these different sounds (even on a well tuned drum) asks some experience so our advise: See an experienced player to help you tune your drum the first time. Of course a larger diameter drum cannot be tuned up as high as a smaller diameter drum. The tension on the skin is not determined by the tone it produces. The real tension can be heard if you slip a dry finger over the skin. Compare that sound with other djembés and you will know if you can still tune up your instrument further.
After having bought an untuned djembé or after having reskinned the instrument some additional tuning is necessary in the days, weeks and months that follow. Later one knot per two to three months is more normal.


Insects eating your djembé
If you are unlucky insects start eating your djembé or the hair still left on the skin. You will find powder around the djembé after some days !
For the wood, treat the instrument with a special insecticide for wood treatment. Apply with a brush and wrap it in aluminium foil and a plastic bag for a week or so. Another more modern and more ecological approach is suffocating the insects. They breathe oxygen so you will kill them by putting them in an environment without oxygen. For instance a bag filled with CO2 gas (a welder may help you with this). Also heating (untill about 100 degrees Celsius so do not roast) the djembé will kill the beasts ! Of course you can bring your instrument to a specialist. The heat treatment requires some untensioning of the skin.
Insects in the hair of the skin can be killed with an insecticide available in animal shops. Select one that kills creeping insects and so on.


Humidity
Avoid changes in humidity after having tuned up the drum. Humidity will soften the skin in a few hours and make it vibrate slower. The tone will go down. If you tune it up to correct this, the skin may tear when air gets dryer in the hours or days that follow ! Of course a goat-skin can be replaced by another !
If you are an incidental player or live in an extremely humid house (poor you) or climate simply tune up the drum untill a reasonable sound the way described above. Then, each time you want to play, you place your drum with the goat skin faced to a heating source. You may use an electric ventilator stove or a hair dryer. The Arabs put a lamp in the inside of their drums to dry and tune a skin. Lighting a wood fire is somewhat troublesome (and risky) but it is the way it is done in the rainy seasons in some parts of Africa. All these ways will result in tensioning a skin temporarily to a playable tone. Do not exaggerate this either !



Protecting your djembé
Do not wear rings, bracelets or a wrist-watch when playing.
Transport the djembé in a bag that protects the entire instrument but specially the sensitive goat-skin.( by placing a towel on top )


Checkpoints when selecting a djembé
Below mentioned aspects will help you to judge and select a djembé that fit your demands. The text handles the demands of normal players (normal djembés) and of experienced players (masterclass djembés).

The wooden body
The wooden body, specially the upper part should be correctly round. The top upper rim should be reasonably flat so that the goat skin will be flat too.
The top outside rim of the wooden body must be well rounded and have a regular shape all around the rim of the wooden body. You cannot judge it when the skin is mounted but the rim should be sanded to prevent that the goat skin will be subject to a lot of friction when the goat skin is tensioned.
I would not be lucky with holes in the body larger than 1 cm. Holes should be plugged in any case. Repaired holes do not influence the sound of the drum.
Cracks in the upper part can never be accepted.
Cracks in the lower part can only be accepted when they are not through and through. Cracks should be filled and well sanded afterwards.
After finishing the body it should be clean and treated with some kind of wax or oil. Brown shoe wax is perfect for maintenance !
The air passage inside should be sufficiently large to get good bass tones. For a normal sized djembé this would mean a minimum hole diameter of 10 cm. Smaller djembés can do with something less for instance 7 cm.; larger djembés need a larger air passage.
An ordinary djembé may be made carved out of soft wood.
Masterclass djembés should be carved of (more reddish) hardwood.
Do not buy a djembé with living insects inside !
Some people think that heavy djembés give better sound. I don't and my back even less !
Djembés with nice carvings do not give a better sound they simply look nicer.
The inside of the body should be free from dangerous wood points. The smoother the inside the better various tones will be conducted through the pipe of the djembé.

The steel rings:
The metal rings should have a diameter of minimum 5 mm and have a good weld.
Shape of the ring must be regular.
Visibly rusty rings are not appreciated.
Preferably, rings are wrapped with tissue to diminuish friction with the goat skin.
Rings that are visibly in contact with the wooden body are maybe to small to allow the drum to be tensioned correctly during the entire life time of the goat skin.


The cords on the rings
Polypropylene, polyamide (so called Nylon) and polyester are allowed only on the metal rings of normal class djembé.
Thickness of the cord mounted on the rings is minimum 5 to 6 mm.
Masterclass djembés: Only Polyester cord 4, 5 or 6 mm is allowed on the rings of Master class djembés. Of course reinforced polyester (containing super-strong fibers in the core) is allowed too. 4 mm is sufficient then.
White cord should not be coloured with ashes or dyes that leave stains on clothes and so on !
For a normal sized ("adult") djembé the number of knots on the rings should not be less than 21 for a smaller sized one and not be more than 29 knots for a larger sized djembé. Less than 21 knots will result in extremely high pulling forces necessary to tune the djembé to the right pitch. More than 29 knots is no real problem. It costs more cord and more work when replacing skin or cord ! People with less than superstrong arms will prefer relatively more knots. I have some beautifull professional djembés now having 36 knots and they are really easy to tune.
The cord on the ring should be fixed the way it is drawn in the sketch.
The ends of the cords must be melted to prevent any loose fibers.
The cord must be undamaged (e.g. due to falling of the djembé).


The vertical cords
The vertical cords that connect the two rings (for tensioning the goat skin):
I would not accept Polypropylene and polyamide (so called Nylon) cords. There is to much stretching and to much work and irritation to get the djembé in a playable state.
The cord used must be out of one piece (no knots allowed).
A normal class djembé must be fitted with cords made of polyester with a diameter of 5 to 6 mm.
A Master class djembé should be fitted with a cord of reinforced polyester. This means a polyester jacket with a core of parallel twined super strong fibers (named Kevlar, Dyneema, Twaron, Aramide, Vectran). This cord is souple like normal cord but strong as a steel cable. There is no stretching at all ! It is unlikely that this quality cord is currently available in Africa. Quite some djembés are mounted by experienced players in the west and I know quite a few that use reinforced cords now. End 1997 I introduced these specifications to a large importer of djembés so maybe you will see real African made djembés with super strong cords soon in the various music shops in Europe !
A cord of polyester with a heart of twined super strong fibers must have a minimum thickness of 4 mm.
White cord should not be coloured with ashes or other dyes that leave stains on clothes and so on !
A black or dark coloured cord is preferred above white because it does not look dirty after some time.


The goat skin
Free from any holes on the playing surface. Small round pin holes do not affect the durability of the skin however.
Free from any hair on the playing surface.
Free from heavy scratches due to rough treatment during cleaning or of the skin from hair or due to rough transport.
Skins completely free from hair (chemically treated) are allowed.


The tension of the djembé
A "new" djembé should be tuned to a playable pitch when a maximum of two to two and a have circles are woven through the vertical cords. The less there has been woven the more effort has been done to tighten the vertical cords.
An unskilled player should not buy an instrument where the cord has not been woven at least have a circle.
There should be about 3 - 4 m of cord left for further weaving during the life of the goat skin.


How to recognize the different plastics of cords
Polyamide (more popular called nylon): When heated with a flame it gets brown. It is soluble in formic acid.
Polypropylene: When heated with a flame it becomes vitreous (glassy).
Polyester: Heated with a flame it gets black. Polyester cord is almost twice as expensive as polyamid or polypropylene. It stretches a lot less than polyamid and polypropylene. Polyester hardly accepts any dyes (colour). So leave the colour of the cord the way it is !
Super strong fibres are very rare and expensive high-tech products. The super strong fibers are always only in the core (heart) of the cord. The fibers are twined slightly (not-woven) to give a minimum in stretch. The jacket surrounding the core must be made from polyester. Nylon or polypropylene are unacceptable.
Super strong fibers have names like: Kevlar (Dupont Co.), Dyneema (DSM Co.), Vectran (Bayer ?), Aramide (AKZO-Nobel). There is no general way to recognize them. Aramide is yellow-brown in colour and will only burn with very high temperature. Dyneema however, acts in a flame like cheap polyethylene ! The best way to recognize them is to (try) to cut them ! Most super-strong fibers are very difficult to cut. You will need an extremely sharp knife ! Super-strong fibers are e.g. used for bullet-proof vests.
There is another simple way to recognize them: Unroll some 5 meters and fix one end to something stable. Pull with full force and you will feel that there is no stretching at all (like a steel cable). Compare the stretch with polypropylene, polyamid or even pure polyester and you will notice the big difference ! The price of reinforced polyester is about double the price of pure polyester. The reinforced cords are again something like twice the price of polyester. I noticed that there are big differences in price.
Do not wet a reinforced cord before use. The polyester jacket on the outside gives more crimp then the twined fibers in the inside giving problems during later use of the cord.
By Gerard P.J.P. van Dijk
http://www.mombasaexpress.com/raztah/djembe.html


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

什麼|節奏|加入|電腦|保養

金貝節奏精選

四拍_

Kuku

○○_△○○△_ / ○○_△○○△_ //

RL LRL       RL LRL

*_○○___ / *_○○___ //

R L  R       R L  R

___*___ / ○__○○__ //

   L      R L RL

Djole

_△△_△○○ / △__△△○○ //

 LR LRL   R L RLRL

*_△△*_○○ / *_△△*_○○ //

R RLR    R RLR 

Kassa

○○△△_*△△ / ○○△△_*△△ //

RLRL RL   RLRL RL  

__△△_○○ / △__△△_○○ //

R  L RL   R  L RL

Madan

*_○○_*_ / *_○○_*_ //

L L LR    L L LR

_*△△_○○ / △_*△△_○○ //

R RL RL   R RL RL

<Akiwowo>

*_△△*_○○ / *_△△*_○○ //

R LRL   RL    LRL  

__○○_△ / __△○○○_//

 R   RL L           LRLR

<Ibo>

*__*__ / *__○○__ //

                           RL

○○_*_○○ / *_○○*__ //

RL LR RL       RLR     

Kaki Lambe

○○_○○_*_/ ○__*_*_//

L LR R   R L R L 

*__○○__/ *____//

  RL R   R R L R
 

Bear2

○○_○○_*_/ ○__*_*_//

L LR R   R L R L 

○○*_/_*_△/○○*_/_*_△//

LRL             LRL          

_*_/○○_△/_*_/○○△_//

R      RL   R   LR     LRL

 

六拍_

Suku

_○△_* / △_○△_* //

R LR    R LR 

__△○○ / △__△○○ //

R  RL   R  RL

Sunguru Bani

_*○○_ / △_*○○_ //

R RL    R RL

*_○○ / *_○○ //

R LRL   R LRL

○○_ / ○○_ //

LRLR    LRLR

Tiriba

__ / _*_ //

RL R      

*_○○ / __○ //

R LRL    RL R  

_○○__ / △_○○__ //

 LR      LR 

Liberte

△△_○○ / _△△*_△ //

LR RL       LRL   

*__○○○ / *__*__ /_○○○ / *__*__ //

       RL             __ RL    LRL          

 

 

 

B/* 是拍打鼓的中間,是低音Bass

S/ 是 slap

T/ 是 tone

"/ "是小節分隔 bar splitter

"// "是反覆 repeat

 

Rhythm map originally edited by Julia Yu
Updated regularly by monbaza

 

-漫畫圖示 by 許歡

 

 

 

 

 

什麼|節奏|加入|電腦|保養

怎麼加入一群正在打鼓的人?

 

你帶了一個鼓
走到這群人旁邊
坐下來   聽了一下子
聽每一個人在打什麼聲音
然後聽他們合在一起的感覺
然後決定開始打鼓

你的開始不需要經過誰的同意
除非是要借用一個鼓
你可以在打鼓的時候看著自己的手
但是聽著別人的聲音
有時會亂了拍子  但不會有人在意
看來亂跟不亂中間有一些線索
噓∼

然後你發現
原來持續在每一個拍子上交互打擊的雙手
可以在幾個拍子上停下來
讓出聲音的位置  給隔壁的朋友
好像在說話一樣
你一句   我一句  你一句   我一句  你一句   我一句
講累了
你可以停一下子  喘口氣  再聽聽現在的鼓聲

然後你覺得想冒一個險  不跟著節奏  打一段自己想的
於是重新開始  先跟著大家打
感覺一下現在的鼓聲

然後在一個瞬間 你毫不害羞的亂打一通
就像是小時後      在一幅水彩作業上 大大方方的塗了一塊老師不會喜歡的顏色
你發現衝突的張力可以帶來冒險的感覺
這是自由的甜味

然後你發現走的有點遠了
又偷偷跟起節奏  回到你剛才自己在鼓聲裡找到的聲音位置
試著再重新開始和隔壁的人說話一樣
你一句   我一句  你一句   我一句  你一句   我一句

然後你發現
原來持續交互打擊的雙手
可以在幾個拍子上停下來
讓出聲音的位置  給隔壁的朋友

然後...
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

什麼|節奏|加入|電腦|保養

教會你的電腦打金貝節奏

有什麼好處 1.電腦的拍子很準  2.電腦不會累  3.電腦不會亂 [以上是優點, 但很可能會變成缺點.. 請酌量使用]
如何讓電腦打金貝 1. 下載並安裝一個免費軟體 [Audiomulch]   2.下載三個金貝的主要聲音 [按右鍵另存目標: 低音Bass 中音Tone 高音Slap]  3. 下載以下已經完成的節奏
_
四拍節奏 [按右鍵另存目標: Kuku | Djole | Kassa | Madan | Akiwowo| Ibo | Kaki Lambe | Bear2]
_
六拍節奏 [還在研究]

安裝要領: [安裝Audiomulch很簡單  一直按ok就對了]
1.
將金貝的三個聲音和節奏的檔案存在同一個檔案夾裡, 這裡我把他們存在一個叫做"Djembe_Mulch"的檔案夾裡

2. 執行Audiomulch, 按下播放鈕如果沒聽到聲音,就表示找不到那三個對應的金貝聲音檔, 請按下箭頭指到的位置

3. 找到那存放的位置, "開啟", 並重複這樣的程序, 為其他兩個音色找到位置

4. 再度按下播放鈕, 看吧 一點也不難!

5. 還是沒有聲音, 試試按下這個鈕, 然後再度按下播放鈕

6. 還是沒有聲音, 那就寄信給我吧, 讓我來幫助你...

 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

什麼|節奏|加入|電腦|保養

修理與保養

monbaza

我的鼓都是這樣對付的.......


繃皮
應該進行以下的步驟

1.
泡水
  
不管是帶毛的或是預拉(pre-stretched)不帶毛的,都要泡水,以使皮變軟
  
皮可以捲起來,用重物壓著,讓水蓋過即可,浸泡時間是3小時 (帶毛) 1
(不帶毛)
2.
鞣皮
  
將溼透的皮張開鋪在平地上,以腳跟來回壓踩,進行約20分鐘
3.
上框
  
將圓型的(金屬製)內皮框置於皮中心,將皮摺入框內,再將外皮框價在內框之
,將皮越過外框翻出
4.
固定
  
將已經被內外框箍緊的皮放到鼓上,以繩子開始上垂直線
5.
風乾
  
上完垂直線之後,將鼓放在通風處風乾
6.
剃毛 (帶毛才有)
  
以剪刀將帶毛的皮作一次剪毛,剪到最短,再以便利刮鬍刀進行第二階段的刮
,此時皮面呈暗黑色,再以60號砂布進行第三階段的打磨,這時黑色漸漸褪去,
出微白的真皮
7.
上緊
  
在垂直繩完全拉緊之後,以剩下的繩子進行橫向的麻利繩節(Mali Weave),
漸將張力轉到皮面上
8.
微調
  
除非有工具幫助,否則徒手繃皮時,將無法在Mali Weave第一圈固定圈時得到
足夠的張力,但不管進行幾圈,都應該以一個完整的圈作為停止進行的重要參考,
大約在第二圈時,可以一邊輕敲鼓邊聽聲音以判斷是否已經夠緊,聲音若是一長
,表示鼓皮仍鬆,無法得到紮實的Tone,更別說響亮的甩擊(Slap),若是聲音短
,則表示張力已足夠,應該在完成一圈之後停止.
9.
上油
  
剛繃完的鼓,最好在睡前以100燭黃燈泡鎢絲台燈照射的溫度進行加溫,在溫度
保持之下,塗佈一層油,一直到起床之後,擦去皮面上剩下的油,才關掉燈,油的種
類因人而異,以植物油為最佳.
10.
攜帶
  
應以布覆蓋皮面以進行攜帶,避免任何可能的碰撞,在張力之下,悲劇往往一不
留神就發生完畢
11.
保養
  
若發現鼓的聲音開始變長,表示張力已經不夠,這時有兩個選擇,一是拉緊繩
,再綁一圈,以得到好的聲音,但台灣濕氣無所不在,在拉緊之前,最好將鼓曬曬
太陽,以確認皮已鬆,但皮有它的限度,也許在拉緊的過程當中會破. 二是曬曬鼓,
以平常心來看待聲音的發展,用電池或木棒塞在繩子和木頭之間,以增加些微的張
,找到鼓聲的特色,並在打鼓時,配合其他的鼓手,表現出來.


 

 

 

Remo 的對策
The Remo remedy

- 買了一個REMO 金貝鼓, 經常會因為它過長的高音而困擾, 除了將鼓皮上緊之外, 這裡提供一些進階的簡便方法.
- Ever find it's annoying when banging a Remo Djembe? I would trade my soul just to find out a solution for it's hanging ringing sound.

 

雄生版  (the bjc solution)
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以透明塑膠片剪裁如右圖, 以訂書機固定, 一端用絨布貼上, 一端貼上泡棉雙面膠, 最後將雙面膠那一端將此裝置貼在鼓的裡面, 使得絨布那一端可以頂住鼓皮.
use plastic transparent sheet to make this device. A double side adhesive sticker is attached to one end (the stripe near the fingers in the picture), a thick cloth is attached to the other end of this device. Apply this device on the inner side of the Djembe. The self adhesive sticker side is to be attached to the drum shell, and the other end (cloth) is to be touched to the skin surface (the inner side of the skin).

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Baza (the monbaza solution)

 你所需要的工具有:

1. 紙抹布一張  2. 剪刀  3. 3M透明膠帶(因為撕下來容易以下是圖示, 嘗試增加紙抹布的厚度 (剪下更大的面積對摺)來找到最舒適的聲音. 不同尺寸的金貝鼓會需要不同厚度的紙抹布. 底下的照片裡是一隻14吋的.

Hi, my name is monbaza. We play Djembe every weekend at Taipei Taiwan.
Here is a way I do to it, u need a piece of paper towel, a pair of scissors, and the 3M tape (for the advantage of removing it if mistake). See the photo below for construction. U might want to add the thickness of the towel by cut larger piece and then fold it.  The thickness of the towel also varies for different sizes of Djembe. The Djembe size in the below photos is a 14". Please don't forget to tighten the head, this is a golden rule for better sounding Djembe.

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contributed by monbaza [ email|intro ]